Where are Primary Cilia Found?
This list is maintained in collaboration with Prof. Denys Wheatley (Department
of Cell Pathology, University of Aberdeen, MacRobert Building, 581 King Street,
Aberdeen AB24 5UA, UK). We invite others to help us maintain an accurate and
up-to-date database.
NOTICE: Any errors or omissions in this compilation are Bowser's responsibility.
Apologies are extended to Prof. Lynn Margulis for our stubborn use of traditional
cilium terminology. Please feel free to e-mail comments or suggestions to bowser@global2000.net
.
Return to Primary Cilia Page
GENERAL REVIEWS
- Wheatley, 1982; 1995; 1996; 1997
- Ghadially, 1982
DIFFERENTIATED CELLS OF ADULT TISSUES AND ORGANS
Kidney tubules [Mammals, Birds, Lizards, Turtle, Marine fish]
- Zimmermann, 1898
- Leeson, 1960
- Latta et al., 1961
- Bulger, 1965
- Myers et al., 1966
- Tisher et al., 1966 (a,b)
- Bulger et al., 1967
- Latta et al., 1967
- Bulger & Trump, 1968
- Takeshita, 1968
- Tisher et al., 1968
- Ganote et al., 1968
- Bargmann & von Hehn, 1971
- Sottiurai & Malvin, 1972
- Webber & Lee, 1974
- Andrews & Porter, 1974
- Dobbs & DeVries, 1975
- Hucker & Frenzel, 1975
- Andrews, 1975
- Webber & Lee, 1975
- Allen & Tisher, 1976
- Davis et al., 1976
- Flood & Totland, 1977
- Miyoshi, 1978
- LeFurgey & Tisher, 1979
- Zuasti et al., 1983
- Meseguer et al., 1987
- Madsen et al., 1988
- Lacy et al., 1991
- Wolfrum et al., 1998
Go to bibliography
Adrenal Glands [Rat, Squirrel, Hamster, chicken, frog]
- De Robertis & Sabatini, 1960
- Coupland, 1965
- Propst & Müller, 1966
- Wheatley, 1967 a,b (rat zona glomerulosa; absent--fasciculata/reticularis)
- Pehlemann, 1968
- Seliger & Smith, 1968
- Kjaerheim, 1968 (interrenal cells; adrenal cortex)
- De Robertis & Sabatini, 1970
Thyroid Gland [Man, Dog, Pig, Chicken]
- Zimmermann, 1898 (cited by Fujita, 1963; Klinck et al., 1970)
- Kano, 1952
- Tashiro, 1962
- Fujita, 1963
- Thesingh, 1964
- Klinck et al., 1970
- Zeligs & Wollman, 1979
- Martin et al., 1988
- Bauer et al., 1988
- Graebert et al., 1997
Parathyroid Glands [Man, Monkey, Dog, Deer, Mouse]
- Munger & Roth, 1963 (active chief cells--not in resting cells)
- Hara & Nagatsu-Ishibashi, 1964
- Nakagami, 1965
- Nakagami, 1967
- Stoeckel & Porte, 1966
Female Reproductive System
Ovary: follicular cells of various developing follicles, germinal epithelium,
stromal cells, theca interna [Man, Cat, Rat, Rabbit, Guinea Pig, Mouse]
- Bjorkman, 1962
- Adams & Hertig, 1964
- Sato, 1965 (rat germinal epithelium)
- Baca & Zamboni, 1967
- Crisp & Browning, 1968 (only seen in active luteal cells)
- Motta et al., 1971 (not seen in interstitial & inactive luteal cells)
- Ferenczy & Richart, 1974
Fallopian tube ampullar mucosa
- Yamazaki & Eyden, 1996 (Man; undifferentiated smooth muscle cells)
Vagina--stratified epithelium [Man]
- Warfvinge & Elofsson, 1988
Go to bibliography
Uterus--Endometrium [Man, Rabbit, Rat, Mouse, Hamster]
- Ross & Klebanoff, 1967 (rat uterus endometrium--fibroblasts)
- Wando et al., 1968
- Tachi et al., 1969
- Tachi et al., 1970
- Maraspin & Boccabella, 1971
- Clark & Brinsfield, 1973
- Tachi et al., 1974
- Ferenczy & Richart, 1974 (stroma)
- Tabone et al., 1983
- Lescoat, 1983
- Tachi, 1984
- Goranova & Chaldakov, 1990 (uterus myometrium--fibroblasts)
Male Reproductive system--Rete testes, prostate, ductuli efferentes, peritubular
myoid cells & interstitial cells of testes, seminal vesicles [Man, Rat,
Mouse, Rabbit, Dog, Mouse, Locust].
- Alverdes, 1927
- Macklin & Macklin, 1932
- Leeson, 1962
- Crabo, 1963
- Deane & Wurzelmann, 1965
- Dekrester, 1967
- Connell & Christensen, 1975
- Matthews & Martin, 1971
- Ohtsuki & Dmochowski, 1979
- Gaytan et al., 1986
- Insect spermatocytes: "polar flagella" persist during meiosis
- LaFountain, 1976
- Daub & Hauser, 1988
- Ponzio et al., 1997
- Bayne et al., 1998 [prostate stromal fibroblasts]
Pancreas--exocrine, endocrine, ductular cells [Man, Rat, Mouse, Rabbit,
Dog, Chicken, Guinea Pig, Hamster, Gerbil, Toad].
- Munger, 1958
- Eisterhuizen & Lever, 1961 (see Curry & Wheatley)
- Zeigel, 1962--in chick, move to developmental
- Ekholm et al., 1962
- Winborn, 1963 (mistook 1o cilia for microvilli)
- Theret & Tamboise, 1963
- Herman et al., 1964
- Ichikawa, 1965
- Kobayashi, 1967
- Przybylski, 1967
- Boquist, 1968
- Baradi & Brandis, 1969--check this: might be endothelium
- Boquist, 1970
- Green, 1980
- Kataoka et al., 1982
- Yamamoto & Kataoka, 1986
- Bockman et al., 1986
- Ashizawa et al., 1997
Liver
fat storing cells [Man, Monkey, Rat, Bat, Guinea Pig, birds]
- Ito & Shibasaki, 1968
- Wake, 1971
- Yamamoto, 1975
- Yamamoto & Enzan, 1975
- Tanuma & Ito, 1978
- Tanuma & Ito, 1980
- Ohata et al., 1982a
- Knook & de Leeuw, 1982
- Tanuma et al., 1983
- Ohata et al., 1984
- Tobe et al., 1985
- Geerts et al., 1990
Perisinusoidal cells [Man]
Intrahepatic/cystic bile duct [Man, Monkey, Cat, Pig, Rat, Hamster,
Bat, Birds]
- Grisham, 1963
- Grisham & Porta, 1963
- Grisham & Porta, 1964
- Sternlieb, 1965 (see de La Inglesia)
- de la Iglesia & Porta, 1967
- Sternlieb, 1972
- Motta & Fumagalli, 1974
- Pfeiffer et al., 1974
- Grisham et al., 1975
- Marinozzi et al., 1977
- Motta et al., 1978
- Tanuma & Ohata, 1978
- Ohata et al., 1982
- Ishii et al., 1989
- Gilloteaux et al., 1995
- Talbot & Caperna, 1998
Go to bibliography
Mesothelial and serosal cells [Cat]
Myoepithelial cells--breast, salivary gland [man]
- Tandler et al., 1970
- Stirling & Chandler, 1976
- Redman & Ball, 1979
- Nickerson, 1989
Mammary gland [goat]
- Brooker, 1984 (non-secretory epithelial cells)
Thymus [Mouse]
Pituitary [Mouse, Guinea Pig, Rat, Rabbit, Dog, Man]
- Barnes, 1961 (mouse adenohypophysis)
- Salazar, 1963 (rabbit adenohypophysis)
- Ziegler, 1963
- Maillard, 1963
- Theret & Tamboise, 1963
- Theret et al., 1964
- Rennels, 1964
- Kagayama, 1965
- Currie & Wheatley, 1966
- Rebel & Marescaux, 1966
- Wheatley, 1967 (rat adenohypophysis)
- Dahl, 1967
- Dingemans, 1969
- Dubois & Girod, 1970
- Carpenter, 1971 (parenchymal cells of rat pars distalis)
- Hubert et al., 1974 (drug treatment)
- Harrisson, 1978 (quail adenohypophysis)
- Dustin et al., 1979
- Correr & Motta, 1981
- Harrisson, 1989 (quail adenohypophysis)
- Misro & Conn, 1990 (endocrine cells of rat pituitary)
Neuroepithelial cells
- Goniakowska-Witalinska, 1997 (amphibian lung)
Ventral aspect of third ventricle/infundibulum [Man, Rat]
- Flament-Durand et al., 1978
Ependymal cells [frog]
- Gona & Hauser, 1982 (ventricular surface of frog cerebellum)
NOTE: In most cases, ependymal cells have tufts of motile 9+2 cilia; they
are readily cultured from fetal and neonate rat/mouse brain. Cells containing
bona fide primary cilia are also found among the kinetociliated cells. (SSB)
Choroid Plexus [Rabbit, Chick]
- Millen & Rogers, 1956 (9+2, but few per cell)
- Doolin & Birge, 1966
Central & peripheral nervous system [Man, Rabbit, Rat, Mouse, Bird,
Fish, Hydra]
- Palay, 1960
- Palay, 1961 (preoptic nucleus of goldfish)
- Taxi, 1961
- Scharrer, 1962
- Dahl, 1963 (fascia dentata of rat hippocampus)
- Grillo & Palay, 1963
- Duncan et al., 1963 (spinal cord dorsal column)
- Mugnaini & Walberg, 1964
- Karlsson, 1966 (rat lateral geniculate nucleus)
- Eneström, 1967
- del Cerro & Snider, 1967
- Sotelo & Palay, 1968
- Milhaud & Pappas, 1968
- del Cerro & Snider, 1969
- Lin & Chen, 1969
- Pannese, 1969
- Rafols & Fox, 1971
- Adamo, 1971 (neurons/glia of avian accessory hyperstriatum)
- Westfall, 1973 (hydra neurons)
- Senchik & Pisugin, 1974
- Kemali, 1974 (myelinated neurons of ventral habenular nucleus)
- Kemali, 1975
- Vigh-teichmann et al., 1976 (a,b)
- Peters et al., 1976 (pyramidal cells rat neocortex; unpubl in substantia
geletinosa)
- Lafarga et al., 1980
- Ruela et al., 1981 (stellate neurons of rat cerebellum)
- Böck, 1982
- Westfall & Kinnamon, 1982 (Hydra ganglion cells)
- Westfall et al., 1983 (Hydra pedal disk neurons)
- Scheuermann et al., 1984
- Suarez et al., 1985
- Westfall & Kinnamon, 1984 (Hydra sensory cells/neurons)
- Kinnamon & Westfall, 1984 (Hydra sensory cells/neurons)
- Westfall & Epp, 1985 (Hydra neurons)
- Dale et al., 1987 (Kolmer-Agduhr cells in frog embryo spinal cord = DEVELOPMENTAL)
- Mandl & Megele, 1989 (human neocortical neurons)
- Bayer & Pickel, 1990 (perikarya of rat ventral tegmental area)
- Wolfrum & Nitsch, 1992 (rat striatum)
- Westfall & Sayyar, 1997
- Vigh & Vigh-Teichmann, 1998 (review of CSF-contacting neurons)
- Alvarez-Buylla et al., 1998 (Bird lateral ventricle Type B cells0
Go to bibliography
Epidermis--basal cells, keratinocytes, melanocytes [Man, Ox]
- Wilson & McWhorter, 1963
- Smith et al., 1969
- Schafer, 1969 (human esophageal mucosa--basal cells)
- Klug, 1971
- Elofsson et al., 1981
- Elofsson et al., 1984
- Wool follicle (all cell types):
- Orwin & Woods, 1982
Oral Tissues-gingiva, oral mucosa, ameloblasts, odontoblast [Man, Cat,
Rat, Guinea Pig]
- Warshawsky, 1968
- Garant et al., 1968
- Nikai et al., 1970
- Fejerskov, 1971
- Kubota et al., 1975
- Ekblom & Hansson, 1984 (odontoblasts)
- Couve, 1986
- Warfvinge & Elofsson, 1988
Spleen--reticular cells [Rat, Rabbit]
- Bernhard & De Harven, 1960
- Roberts & Latta, 1964
- Abdel-Bari & Sorenson, 1965
Vascular endothelium--heart myocardium, aorta, arteries, capillaries
[Man, Rabbits]
- Motta et al., 1971 (occasional in ovary)
- Edanaga, 1974
- Edanaga, 1975
- Bystrevskaya et al., 1988 (occasional)
- Ishihara et al., 1981 (implanted heart valves, SEM)
- Ekblom & Hansson, 1984 (dental pulp capillary endothelial cells)
- Tenkova & Chaldakov, 1988 (ciliary process endos and pericytes)
Chondrocytes [Man, Dog, Cat, Rabbit, Mouse, Guinea Pig]
- Scherft & Daems, 1967
- Hart, 1968
- Matthews & Martin, 1971
- Wilsman, 1978
- Wilsman & Fletcher, 1978
- Meier-Vismara et al., 1979
- Wilsman et al., 1980
- Poole et al., 1985; 1997
Synovial cells [Man, Rabbit, Guinea Pig]
- Wyllie et al., 1964
- Ghadially & Roy, 1969
Osteocytes [Mice]
- Tonna & Lampen, 1972
- Cameron, 1972
- Matthews & Martin, 1971
Heart Myocardium [Man, Rabbit, Mice, Chicks, Lizards]
- Rash et al., 1969
- Myklebust et al., 1977
- Ishihara et al., 1980 (pericardial cells--mesothelium)
Smooth muscle [Rat, Frog, Chick]
- Laguens, 1964 (uterus myometrium)
- Currie & Wheatley, 1966 (rat duodenum)
- Kay et al., 1983
- Goranova & Chaldakov, 1990 (uterus myometrium)
- Poole et al., 1997
Invertebrate Muscle [Brittle-star tube feet, Polychaete body wall]
Go to bibliography
Fibroblasts--adult tissues: Tendon [Man, Mouse] Fibrous connective
tissue [Rabbit, Rat]
- Ross & Klebanoff, 1967 (rat uterus endometrium)
- Brooker et al., 1971
- Beertsen et al., 1975
- Poole et al., 1985
- Goranova & Chaldakov, 1990 (uterus myometrium)
Respiratory epithelium [Mouse, Guinea Pig] PROBABLY ALL DEVELOPMENTAL
SYSTEMS
- Stockinger & Cireli, 1965
- Dirksen & Crocker, 1966
- Dalen, 1981
CELLS OF SENSORY ORGANS: In many cases, the axonemal symmetry of the primary
cilia listed here is not 9+0; they may be found as single, nonmotile 9+2 cilia
(e.g., kinocilium of hair cells), tufts of long, nonmotile(?) 9+2 cilia (olfactory
neurons), or highly modified 9+0 cilia (e.g., rods and cones). Recent papers
are no longer included in this database unless they contain novel information.
Vertebrate eye [Man, Monkey, Porpoise, Ox, Cat, Rabbit, Mouse, Guinea
Pig]
Retina
- Sjostrand, 1953
- De Robertis, 1956
- Tokuyasu & Yamada, 1959
- Allen, 1965 (neurons in nuclear and ganglion cell layers; pigmented epithelial
cells)
- Dowling & Boycott, 1966
- Matthews & Martin, 1971
- Uga & Smelser, 1973
- Amemiya, 1975
- Steinberg & Wood, 1975
- Ohnishi et al., 1976
- Greiner et al., 1981
- Boycott & Hopkins, 1984
- Ennis & Kunz, 1986
Pericanalicular mesothelium (patients w/glaucoma or cataracts)
Trabecular endothelium
Iris
- Smelser & Ishikawa, 1962 [Monkey]
- Wienker, 1969
- Vrabec, 1971
Cornea
- Smith et al., 1969
- Hogan et al., 1971
- Renard et al., 1976
- Gallagher, 1980
- Doughty, 1998
Ciliary epithelium [rabbit] and Schwann cells of ciliary process
stroma
- Ohnishi & Tanaka, 1980
- Tenkova & Chaldakov, 1988
Other eye bits:
- Radnot et al., 1970 (DEVELOPMENT? Corneoscleral fibroblasts, pericytes;
choroideal cells)
- Saga & Matsuda, 1987 (Conjuntival fibroblasts)
Pineal photoreceptors
- Steyn, 1959 [lizard]
- Eakin & Westfall, 1960 [lizard]
- Steyn, 1960 [lizard]
- Eakin, 1961 [Treefrog tadpole--frontal organ, i.e., pineal]
- Eakin, 1963 [lamprey]
- Pevet & Collin, 1976 [mole]
- Oksche & Vaupel-von Harnack, 1965 W
- Oksche & Kirschstein, 1969 [sparrow]
- Karasek, 1970
- Lin, 1970
- Vivien-Roels, 1970 [turtle]
- Oksche, 1971 (review)
- Lin, 1972
- Redins & Machado, 1984
Go to bibliography
Lower vertebrate & invertebrate eyes/photoreceptors
- Miller, 1958 (Pecten retinal photoreceptors)
- Eakin & Westfall, 1962 (Amphioxus cerebral vesicle)
- Eakin & Westfall, 1962 (Jellyfish ocellus)
- Eakin, 1963 (Sea star photoreceptors)
- Eakin, 1963 (review)
- Vaupel-von Harnack, 1963 (Sea star photoreceptors)
- Eakin & Westfall, 1964a (Arrowworm photoreceptors)
- Clark, 1963 (Leech and snail photoreceptors)
- Lawrence & Krasne, 1965 (Tube-dwelling polychaete photoreceptor cells)
- Yanase & Sakamoto, 1965 (visual cells of mollusc dorsal eye)
- Krasne & Lawrence, 1966 (Tube worm eyespots)
- Fischer & Brökelmann, 1966 (Polychaete eye photoreceptors)
- Eakin & Brandenburger, 1967 (pigmented cells of adult snail eye)
- Barber & Evans, 1967 (mollusc [Pecten] photoreceptor)
- Dilly, 1969 (Tunicate tadpole photoreceptor)
- Eakin & Kuda, 1971 (Ascidian tadpole photoreceptor)
- Kerneis, 1975 (Polychete worm photoreceptors)
- Verger-Bocquet, 1981 (Annelid worm photoreceptor)
- Smith, 1984
Middle and Inner ear [Monkey, Rat, Guinea Pig, Newt, Fish] Lateral
line organ and macula utriculi [Fish]
- Wersall, 1956
- Engstrom & Wersall, 1958
- Spoendlin, 1964 (Supporting cells of monkey utricule/saccule: PC; hair cells:
KC)
- Flock, 1964 (Supporting cells: PC; Hair cells: single kinocilium [KC])
- Hama, 1965
- Flock & Duvall, 1965
- Mullinger & Smith, 1969 Newt "ear": PC in accessory cells/kinocilium
in hair cells
- Hamilton, 1969
- Flock et al., 1977 (CHECK THIS)
- Dupont et al., 1993 (Guinea Pig) PC in epithelial cells at periphery of
normal vestibular end organs; Kinocilia on hair cells
Taste Buds [Rabbit, Mouse]
- Murray & Murray, 1967 (only one cilium seen; rest of taste bud cells
lacked them)
- Kinnamon et al., 1983
Olfactory epithelium [Dog, Frog] These are tufts of cilia with 9+2
symmetry proximally, 9+0 (or fewer doublets) peripherally. Motility unknown(?).
- Reese, 1965
- Okano et al., 1967
Go to bibliography
Other sensory cells
- Gray & Pumphrey, 1958 Locust ear chordotonal sensillum
- Gray, 1960 Locust ear
- Slifer & Sekhon, 1960 Honey bee antenna plate organ
- Slifer & Sekhon, 1961 Honey bee antennal flagellum
- Whitear, 1960 Crab sensilla
- Slifer & Sekhon, 1964 Flesh fly antennal flagellum
- Slifer & Sekhon, 1964 Grasshopper olfactory dendrites
- Flock, 1964 Fish macula utriculi (see above)
- Flock & Duvall, 1965 Fish lateral line organs (see above)
- Mattern et al., 1965 Hydra stenotele (sting organ)
- Horridge, 1965 Ctenophore effector organelles
- Horridge & Boulton, 1967 Chaetognath epidermal sensory neurons
- Moulins, 1968 Insect (Dictyoptera) chemosensory sensilla
- Ghiradella et al., 1968 Chemosensory pegs of various crabs
- Slifer & Sekhon, 1969 Insect sensory cells
- Ernst, 1969 Carrion beetle olfactory sensilla
- Horridge, 1969 Jellyfish statocysts
- Knapp & Mill, 1971 Earthworm epidermal sensory cells
- Eakin & Kuda, 1971 Ascidian Tadpole pressure (?) receptors
- Ghiradella, 1971 Moth Ear
- Hayes, W.F., 1971 Limulus chemoreceptor sensillum
- Harris & Mill, 1973 Spider chemoreceptors
- Foelix & Chu-Wang, 1973 Spider chemoreceptors
- Foelix & Chu-Wang, 1973 Spider mechanoreceptors
- Wright & Chan, 1973 Nematode body wall sensory cells
- Marshall, 1973 Homopteran bug olfactory receptor
- Bedini et al., 1973 Turbellarian epithelial sensory cells
- Peteya, 1973 Cnidarian body wall mechanoreceptor cells
- Bedini et al., 1975 Platyhelminth epidermal sensory cells
- Peteya, 1975 Anemone ectodermal sensory cells
- Crouau, 1980 Crustacean sensilla
- Altner & Prillinger, 1980 Review paper
- Hope & Gardiner, 1982 Marine nematode body wall proprioceptor
- Crouau, 1982 Mysid crustacean mechanoreceptors
- Crouau, 1983 Insect & crustacean sensilla
- Torrence & Cloney, 1982 Sensory neurons, ascidian larvae
- Torrence & Cloney, 1983 Sensory neurons, ascidian adhesive papillae
- Hong et al., 1996 Sensory papillae, cercarial larvae
Go to bibliography
MISCELLANEOUS BITS
- Pleurodele testicular gland cells Picheral, 1968
- Perch saccus vasculosus Zimmermann & Altner, 1970
- Planarian pharyngeal gland cells Gamo & Garcia-Corrales, 1985
- Nephridium of larval (mitraria) polychaetes Smith et al., 1987
CELLS OF PATHOLOGIC TISSUES
Note: Carefully compare the occurrence of primary cilia in normal cells (above)
with the following reports of "defective" or "aberrant" cilia as an indication
of a pathological state. You will see that in certain cases, the cells of pathological
tissues normally express primary cilia.
Go to bibliography
Cancer/Neoplasm
- Parathyroid adenoma [Man] Holzmann & Lange, 1963
- Polyzonas, 1970
- Altenahr & Seifert, 1971
- Endocrine adenoma/neoplasia [Man] Horvath & Kovacs, 1975
- Horvath & Kovacs, 1976
- Adenoma, buccal mucosa [man] Guccion & Redman, 1986
- " , pituitary [man] Cinti et al., 1985
- Wilm's (kidney) tumors Tannenbaum, 1971
- Basal cell carcinoma [Man] Wilson & McWhorter, 1963
- Squamous cell carcinoma [Man] Schafer, 1969
- Ameloblastoma [Man] Lee et al., 1972
- Brenner's tumor--ovary [Man] Klemi & Nevalainen, 1977
- Pineoblastoma [Man] Kline et al., 1979
- Rhabdomyosarcoma [Rat] Hildebrand & Biserte, 1978
- " [Mouse] Reznik et al., 1970
- Ovarian granulosa [Rat] Bjorkman, 1962
- Meningioma [Man] Cervos-Navarro & Vazquez, 1966
- " Poon et al., 1971
- Melanoma [Man] Klug, 1971
- Dermatofibrosarcoma Zelickson, 1967
- Fibrosarcoma [Man] Schuster, 1964
- Malignant spindle cell tumor [Man] Erlandson, 1981
- Insulinoma [Man] Green, 1980
- Breast neoplasm [Man] Reilova-Velez & Seiler, 1984
- Prostatic neoplasia [Man] Ohtsuki & Dmochowski, 1979
- Multiple glomus tumor Murata et al., 1984
- Hyper-, meta-, neoplastic lung Gonzalez et al., 1985
- Lung papillary tumors [Mouse] Rehm et al., 1988
- Leiomyoma--uterus Ferenczy et al., 1971
- Leiomyoma--gastric Welsh & Meyer, 1969
- Fibroma-thecoma, uterus Ferenczy & Richart, 1974
- Chondrosarcoma Senoo & Fuse, 1983
- Retinoblastoma [rat] Kobayashi et al., 1982
- Tumors of peripheral nerves Ohno & Park, 1983
- Park et al., 1988
- Cerebellar sarcoma Poon et al., 1971
- Sella turcica fibromyxoma-like tumor [man] Zama et al., 1996
Atherosclerotic lesions (de-differentiation of endothelial cells?)
- Smooth muscle Haust, 1984; 1987b
- Endothelium Haust, 1987a
- Bystrevskaya, 1988
Other pathologic conditions
- Nasal polyp (fibroblasts) Busuttil et al., 1976
- Liver disorders (ductular cells) Steiner et al., 1962
- (drug-induced cirrhosis) Steiner & Carruthers, 1963
- [Man] Itoshima et al., 1978
- (Intrahepatic cholestasis; Man) Sasaki et al., 1967
- (Bile duct ligation; Rat) Brooks et al., 1975
- Kidney--various disorders [Man] Latta et al., 1967; Rossmann & Galle,
1968; Katz & Morgan, 1984; Kihara et al., 1997
- Gastritis [Man] Okuda & Ogata, 1976
- Kawamata et al., 1986
- Hyperparathyroidism Black et al., 1970
- Parathyroid hyperplasia Roth, 1970
- Testicular hyperplasia [Man] Takayama, 1981
- Ohtsuki & Dmochowski, 1979
- Osteoarthritis, synovial hyperplasia [Man] Hirohata & Morimoto, 1971;
Kouri et al., 1996
- Retinal dysplasia [Man] Ohnishi et al., 1976
- Co2+-treated pancreas [Guinea pig] Esterhuizen & Lever, 1961
- Nickel-allergic dermatitis* [Man] Elofsson et al., 1984 (Keratinocytes lose
their cilia)
- Mulvihill-Smith progeria-like syndrome [Man] de Silva et al., 1997 (cultured
skin fibroblasts lack primary cilia)
- naevus of Ota [man] Masuda et al., 1998 (melanocytes express primary cilia;
good demonstration of normal axonemal asymmetry in primary cilia)
- Ototoxicity: organ of Corti [Guinea Pig] Dupont et al., 1993
Go to bibliography
Cells with tufts of 9+2 cilia found in "unusual" places:
- Brain (fundus striati astroglia) Chung & Keefer, 1976
- Pituitary Rasmussen, 1929
- Dawson, 1937
- (muciparous microcysts) Cinti et al., 1985
- Gon et al., 1988
- Parathyroid (dog) Nakagami, 1965
- Kidney (tumors--Hamster) Mannweiler & Bernhard, 1957
- Duffy & Suzuki, 1968
- Wesson & Duckett, 1973
- Larsen & Ghadially, 1974
- (voided urine--Man) Palombini, 1982
- Katz & Morgan, 1984
- Serous cystadenoma--ovary [Man] Fenoglio et al., 1977
- Stomach Okuda & Ogata, 1976
- Endometrium Hando et al., 1968
- (adenocarcinoma) Hendrickson & Kempson, 1983
DEVELOPMENTAL SYSTEMS
There is a growing literature regarding the putative
role of "motile" primary cilia in determining left/right symmetry in early embryonic
development. See: Nonaka et al. (1998) Randomization of leftright asymmetry
due to loss of nodal cilia generating leftward flow of extraembryonic fluid in
mice lacking KIF3B motor protein. Cell 95:829837.
The following citations support the notion that if a fully-differentiated
cell type lacks a primary cilium, it most likely has a precursor that is ciliated.
- Cement gland [Xenopus] Perry & Waddington, 1966
- Epidermis, fetal [Man] Currie & Wheatley, 1966
- Mesenchyme, fetal [rat] Behnke, 1964
- Mesoderm [polychaete worm] Turbeville, 1986
- Intestinal epithelium, fetal [rat] Behnke, 1964
- Eye [Cornea] Brini et al., 1966
- optic vesicle [snail] Eakin & Brandenburger, 1967
- Retina photoreceptor: De Robertis, 1956; Knabe & Kuhn, 1998
- [Polychaete worm larvae] Eakin & Westfall, 1964b
- [Frog] Nilsson, 1964
- Retina [Dog] Whiteley & Young, 1985
- Retinal Muller cells [Rat, Cat] Boycott & Hopkins, 1984
- [Fish] Ennis & Kunz, 1986
- [human fetal cervix] Barberini et al., 1998
- Lens regeneration [Frog] Overton, 1965
Pinealocytes
Collin, 1971 [review]
[neonatal rat, hamster] Clabough, 1973
[Neonatal rat] Zimmerman & Tso, 1975; [Fetus, man] Møller, 1974
Insect (Coccinella) photoreceptor Home, 1975
Insect (Lepidoptera) gland morphogenesis Barbier,1975
Insect (Silk moth) gland morphogenesis Berry & Johnson, 1975
Insect (Cockroach) gland morphogenesis Sreng & Quennedey, 1976
Kidney, fetal [Man] DeMartino & Zamboni, 1966
Zimmermann, 1971
Arey, 1974
Gudima et al., 1986
Postnatal renal collecting duct [Rabbit] Evan et al., 1991
Olfactory epithelium [Rat] Menco & Farbman, 1985 (a,b)
Menco & Farbman, 1987
Menco, 1988 (a,b)
Spleen, fetal--mesenchyme [Chick] De Harven & Bernhard, 1956
- [Man] Zamboni & Westin, 1964
Parathyroid, fetus [Man] Nakagami et al., 1968
Thymus [Man] Sebuwufu, 1968
Endothelium heart [Man] Bystrevskaya et al., 1988
pineal [Man] Yamamoto & Fujimoto, 1980
Primordial erythroblasts [Chick, Rat] Breton-Gorius & Stralin, 1967
Tunica propria of bursa [Chick embryo] Quesada et al., 1985
Limb bud--mesenchyme [Chick, Mouse] Sorokin, 1962
- --epithelium Jurand, 1965
- Trelstad et al., 1967
- Fonte et al., 1971
- Synovial cells [Rabbit; regeneration] Campbell & Callahan, 1971
- Tooth [Rat molar amelogenesis] Reith, 1967
- [Rat incisor ameloblasts] Sasano, 1986
- Bone [Rat] Federman & Nichols, 1974
- Pituitary, fetal Ellis, 1966 (see Curry & Wheatley)
- Brain [Tadpole] Kemali & Gioffre, 1978
- Nervous tissue [Mouse] Cohen et al., 1988
- Neural tube [Chick] Duncan, 1957
- Sotelo & Trujillo-Cenóz
- [Mouse] Herman & Kauffman, 1966
- Supraoptic nucleus, neonate [Rat] Lafarga et al., 1980
- Hippocampal neurons, embryo [Rat] Deitch, unpublished
- Cerebral cortex, fetal [Man] Currie & Wheatley, 1966
- Ependymal cells
- 3rd ventricle [Rat] Ugrumov & Mitskevich, 1980
- cerebellum [tadpole] Gona & Hauser, 1982
Pulmonary epithelial precursors [Mice] Rehm et al., 1988
- Ciliated epithelium
- Lung [Rat] Sorokin, 1968
- Trachea [Rat, Guinea Pig] Friedmann & Bird, 1971
- Kober & Herbst, 1975
- Dalen, 1981
- Gaillard et al., 1989
- Chondrogenesis [Man, Dog] Stockwell, 1971
- Kelley, 1975
- Cox & Peacock, 1977
- Wilsman & Fletcher, 1978
Muscle --skeletal/cardiac [Chick, Mouse] Przybylski & Blumberg, 1966
- Rash et al., 1969
- Przybylski, 1971
- Viragh & Challice, 1973
- Zummo et al., 1984
--Regeneration [Tadpole tail] Warren, 1974
Oviduct [Rabbit, Mouse]
- Dirksen, 1971 (check this)
- Komatsu & Fujita, 1978 (a,b)
- Odor & Blandau, 1985
Go to bibliography
TISSUE CULTURE
Primary culture:
- Fibroblasts
- [Man] Wheatley, 1969; Strugnell et al., 1996
- [Mouse] Wheatley, 1969
- [Rat] Wheatley, 1969
- [Chick] Wheatley, 1969; Bowser, unpub.
- [Prostate; Man] Bayne et al., 1998
- Keratinocytes [Man] Strugnell et al., 1996
- Gingiva [Man] Rose, 1970
- Osteoblast [Fetal rat leg bone] Rose, 1970
- Cornea [Frog] Hayden, unpub.
- Corpus luteum epithelial cells [cow] Herrman et al., 1996
- Retinal pigment epithelium [Man] Topp et al., 1996
- Kidney epithelia
- [Rat] Curthoys & Bellemann, 1979
- [Rabbit] Minuth & Kriz, 1982
- [Human] Trifillis & Kahng, 1990
- [Bird] Sutterlin & Laverty, 1998
- Anterior pituitary [Rat] Fazekas et al., 1982
Bile duct epithelium [Pig] Talbot & Caperna, 1998
Continuous cell lines:
- 3T3 Fibroblast
- Goldberg & Green, 1964
- Osborn & Weber, 1976
- Albrecht-Buehler, 1977
- Tucker et al., 1979a,b
- Albrecht-Buehler & Bushnell, 1979
- Albrecht-Buehler & Bushnell, 1980
- Ho & Tucker, 1989
3T6 Fibroblast Wheatley, 1971; 1972
3Y1 Fibroblast Katsumoto et al., 1994
DonC Fibroblast Wheatley, 1969
BHK21/C13 Fibroblast (hamster)
- Wheatley, 1969
- Archer & Wheatley, 1971
Nil/2e Fibroblast Wheatley, 1969
CH3 Fibroblast (hamster) Wheatley, 1982
WI-38 Fibroblast (human) Wheatley, 1982
Vero Fibroblast (monkey) Wheatley, 1972
PE Mesenchyme (pig embryo) Vorobjev & Chentsov, 1982
PtK1, PtK2 Kidney epithelium (rat kangaroo)
- Jensen et al., 1979
- Rieder et al., 1979
- Roth et al., 1988
LLC-PK1 Kidney epithelium (pig) Roth et al., 1988
MDCK Kidney epithelium (dog) Roth et al., 1988
BSC-40 Kidney epithelium Roth et al., 1988
GH3 PC 9+0 Pituitary tumor Bowser, unpub.
HFH-18 Melanoma (mouse) Rose, 1970
BPAE Pulmonary aortic endothel. (cow) Bowser, unpubl.
Li10 Liver epithelium Mori et al., 1979
CO25 Myoblast (mouse) Zeytinoglu et al., 1997
Go to bibliography