Where are Primary Cilia Found?
This list is maintained in collaboration with Prof. Denys Wheatley (Department of Cell Pathology, University of Aberdeen, MacRobert Building, 581 King Street, Aberdeen AB24 5UA, UK). We invite others to help us maintain an accurate and up-to-date database.
NOTICE: Any errors or omissions in this compilation are Bowser's responsibility. Apologies are extended to Prof. Lynn Margulis for our stubborn use of traditional cilium terminology.
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GENERAL REVIEWS
Wheatley, 1982; 1995; 1996; 1997
Ghadially, 1982
DIFFERENTIATED CELLS OF ADULT TISSUES AND ORGANS
Kidney tubules [Mammals, Birds, Lizards, Turtle, Marine fish]
Zimmermann, 1898
Leeson, 1960
Latta et al., 1961
Bulger, 1965
Myers et al., 1966
Tisher et al., 1966 (a,b)
Bulger et al., 1967
Latta et al., 1967
Bulger & Trump, 1968
Takeshita, 1968
Tisher et al., 1968
Ganote et al., 1968
Bargmann & von Hehn, 1971
Sottiurai & Malvin, 1972
Webber & Lee, 1974
Andrews & Porter, 1974
Dobbs & DeVries, 1975
Hucker & Frenzel, 1975
Andrews, 1975
Webber & Lee, 1975
Allen & Tisher, 1976
Davis et al., 1976
Flood & Totland, 1977
Miyoshi, 1978
LeFurgey & Tisher, 1979
Zuasti et al., 1983
Meseguer et al., 1987
Madsen et al., 1988
Lacy et al., 1991
Wolfrum et al., 1998
Go to bibliography
Adrenal Glands [Rat, Squirrel, Hamster, chicken, frog]
De Robertis & Sabatini, 1960
Coupland, 1965
Propst & Müller, 1966
Wheatley, 1967 a,b (rat zona glomerulosa; absent--fasciculata/reticularis)
Pehlemann, 1968
Seliger & Smith, 1968
Kjaerheim, 1968 (interrenal cells; adrenal cortex)
De Robertis & Sabatini, 1970
Thyroid Gland [Man, Dog, Pig, Chicken]
Zimmermann, 1898 (cited by Fujita, 1963; Klinck et al., 1970)
Kano, 1952
Tashiro, 1962
Fujita, 1963
Thesingh, 1964
Klinck et al., 1970
Zeligs & Wollman, 1979
Martin et al., 1988
Bauer et al., 1988
Graebert et al., 1997
Parathyroid Glands [Man, Monkey, Dog, Deer, Mouse]
Munger & Roth, 1963 (active chief cells--not in resting cells)
Hara & Nagatsu-Ishibashi, 1964
Nakagami, 1965
Nakagami, 1967
Stoeckel & Porte, 1966
Female Reproductive System
Ovary: follicular cells of various developing follicles, germinal epithelium, stromal cells, theca interna [Man, Cat, Rat, Rabbit, Guinea Pig, Mouse]
Bjorkman, 1962
Adams & Hertig, 1964
Sato, 1965 (rat germinal epithelium)
Baca & Zamboni, 1967
Crisp & Browning, 1968 (only seen in active luteal cells)
Motta et al., 1971 (not seen in interstitial & inactive luteal cells)
Ferenczy & Richart, 1974
Fallopian tube ampullar mucosa
Yamazaki & Eyden, 1996 (Man; undifferentiated smooth muscle cells)
Vagina--stratified epithelium [Man]
Warfvinge & Elofsson, 1988
Go to bibliography
Uterus--Endometrium [Man, Rabbit, Rat, Mouse, Hamster]
Ross & Klebanoff, 1967 (rat uterus endometrium--fibroblasts)
Wando et al., 1968
Tachi et al., 1969
Tachi et al., 1970
Maraspin & Boccabella, 1971
Clark & Brinsfield, 1973
Tachi et al., 1974
Ferenczy & Richart, 1974 (stroma)
Tabone et al., 1983
Lescoat, 1983
Tachi, 1984
Goranova & Chaldakov, 1990 (uterus myometrium--fibroblasts)
Male Reproductive system--Rete testes, prostate, ductuli efferentes, peritubular myoid cells & interstitial cells of testes, seminal vesicles [Man, Rat, Mouse, Rabbit, Dog, Mouse, Locust].
Alverdes, 1927
Macklin & Macklin, 1932
Leeson, 1962
Crabo, 1963
Deane & Wurzelmann, 1965
Dekrester, 1967
Connell & Christensen, 1975
Matthews & Martin, 1971
Ohtsuki & Dmochowski, 1979
Gaytan et al., 1986
Insect spermatocytes: "polar flagella" persist during meiosis
LaFountain, 1976
Daub & Hauser, 1988
Ponzio et al., 1997
Bayne et al., 1998 [prostate stromal fibroblasts]
Pancreas--exocrine, endocrine, ductular cells [Man, Rat, Mouse, Rabbit, Dog, Chicken, Guinea Pig, Hamster, Gerbil, Toad].
Munger, 1958
Eisterhuizen & Lever, 1961 (see Curry & Wheatley)
Zeigel, 1962--in chick, move to developmental
Ekholm et al., 1962
Winborn, 1963 (mistook 1o cilia for microvilli)
Theret & Tamboise, 1963
Herman et al., 1964
Ichikawa, 1965
Kobayashi, 1967
Przybylski, 1967
Boquist, 1968
Baradi & Brandis, 1969--check this: might be endothelium
Boquist, 1970
Green, 1980
Kataoka et al., 1982
Yamamoto & Kataoka, 1986
Bockman et al., 1986
Ashizawa et al., 1997
Liver
fat storing cells [Man, Monkey, Rat, Bat, Guinea Pig, birds]
Ito & Shibasaki, 1968
Wake, 1971
Yamamoto, 1975
Yamamoto & Enzan, 1975
Tanuma & Ito, 1978
Tanuma & Ito, 1980
Ohata et al., 1982a
Knook & de Leeuw, 1982
Tanuma et al., 1983
Ohata et al., 1984
Tobe et al., 1985
Geerts et al., 1990
Perisinusoidal cells [Man]
Le Bail et al., 1990
Intrahepatic/cystic bile duct [Man, Monkey, Cat, Pig, Rat, Hamster, Bat, Birds]
Grisham, 1963
Grisham & Porta, 1963
Grisham & Porta, 1964
Sternlieb, 1965 (see de La Inglesia)
de la Iglesia & Porta, 1967
Sternlieb, 1972
Motta & Fumagalli, 1974
Pfeiffer et al., 1974
Grisham et al., 1975
Marinozzi et al., 1977
Motta et al., 1978
Tanuma & Ohata, 1978
Ohata et al., 1982
Ishii et al., 1989
Gilloteaux et al., 1995
Talbot & Caperna, 1998
Go to bibliography
Mesothelial and serosal cells [Cat]
Motta et al., 1978
Myoepithelial cells--breast, salivary gland [man]
Tandler et al., 1970
Stirling & Chandler, 1976
Redman & Ball, 1979
Nickerson, 1989
Mammary gland [goat]
Brooker, 1984 (non-secretory epithelial cells)
Thymus [Mouse]
Blackburn & Miller, 1968
Pituitary [Mouse, Guinea Pig, Rat, Rabbit, Dog, Man]
Barnes, 1961 (mouse adenohypophysis)
Salazar, 1963 (rabbit adenohypophysis)
Ziegler, 1963
Maillard, 1963
Theret & Tamboise, 1963
Theret et al., 1964
Rennels, 1964
Kagayama, 1965
Currie & Wheatley, 1966
Rebel & Marescaux, 1966
Wheatley, 1967 (rat adenohypophysis)
Dahl, 1967
Dingemans, 1969
Dubois & Girod, 1970
Carpenter, 1971 (parenchymal cells of rat pars distalis)
Hubert et al., 1974 (drug treatment)
Harrisson, 1978 (quail adenohypophysis)
Dustin et al., 1979
Correr & Motta, 1981
Harrisson, 1989 (quail adenohypophysis)
Misro & Conn, 1990 (endocrine cells of rat pituitary)
Neuroepithelial cells
Goniakowska-Witalinska, 1997 (amphibian lung)
Ventral aspect of third ventricle/infundibulum [Man, Rat]
Flament-Durand et al., 1978
Ependymal cells [frog]
Gona & Hauser, 1982 (ventricular surface of frog cerebellum)
NOTE: In most cases, ependymal cells have tufts of motile 9+2 cilia; they are readily cultured from fetal and neonate rat/mouse brain. Cells containing bona fide primary cilia are also found among the kinetociliated cells. (SSB)
Choroid Plexus [Rabbit, Chick]
Millen & Rogers, 1956 (9+2, but few per cell)
Doolin & Birge, 1966
Central & peripheral nervous system [Man, Rabbit, Rat, Mouse, Bird, Fish, Hydra]
Palay, 1960
Palay, 1961 (preoptic nucleus of goldfish)
Taxi, 1961
Scharrer, 1962
Dahl, 1963 (fascia dentata of rat hippocampus)
Grillo & Palay, 1963
Duncan et al., 1963 (spinal cord dorsal column)
Mugnaini & Walberg, 1964
Karlsson, 1966 (rat lateral geniculate nucleus)
Eneström, 1967
del Cerro & Snider, 1967
Sotelo & Palay, 1968
Milhaud & Pappas, 1968
del Cerro & Snider, 1969
Lin & Chen, 1969
Pannese, 1969
Rafols & Fox, 1971
Adamo, 1971 (neurons/glia of avian accessory hyperstriatum)
Westfall, 1973 (hydra neurons)
Senchik & Pisugin, 1974
Kemali, 1974 (myelinated neurons of ventral habenular nucleus)
Kemali, 1975
Vigh-teichmann et al., 1976 (a,b)
Peters et al., 1976 (pyramidal cells rat neocortex; unpubl in substantia geletinosa)
Lafarga et al., 1980
Ruela et al., 1981 (stellate neurons of rat cerebellum)
Böck, 1982
Westfall & Kinnamon, 1982 (Hydra ganglion cells)
Westfall et al., 1983 (Hydra pedal disk neurons)
Scheuermann et al., 1984
Suarez et al., 1985
Westfall & Kinnamon, 1984 (Hydra sensory cells/neurons)
Kinnamon & Westfall, 1984 (Hydra sensory cells/neurons)
Westfall & Epp, 1985 (Hydra neurons)
Dale et al., 1987 (Kolmer-Agduhr cells in frog embryo spinal cord = DEVELOPMENTAL)
Mandl & Megele, 1989 (human neocortical neurons)
Bayer & Pickel, 1990 (perikarya of rat ventral tegmental area)
Wolfrum & Nitsch, 1992 (rat striatum)
Westfall & Sayyar, 1997
Vigh & Vigh-Teichmann, 1998 (review of CSF-contacting neurons)
Alvarez-Buylla et al., 1998 (Bird lateral ventricle Type B cells0
Go to bibliography
Epidermis--basal cells, keratinocytes, melanocytes [Man, Ox]
Wilson & McWhorter, 1963
Smith et al., 1969
Schafer, 1969 (human esophageal mucosa--basal cells)
Klug, 1971
Elofsson et al., 1981
Elofsson et al., 1984
Wool follicle (all cell types):
Orwin & Woods, 1982
Oral Tissues-gingiva, oral mucosa, ameloblasts, odontoblast [Man, Cat, Rat, Guinea Pig]
Warshawsky, 1968
Garant et al., 1968
Nikai et al., 1970
Fejerskov, 1971
Kubota et al., 1975
Ekblom & Hansson, 1984 (odontoblasts)
Couve, 1986
Warfvinge & Elofsson, 1988
Spleen--reticular cells [Rat, Rabbit]
Bernhard & De Harven, 1960
Roberts & Latta, 1964
Abdel-Bari & Sorenson, 1965
Vascular endothelium--heart myocardium, aorta, arteries, capillaries [Man, Rabbits]
Motta et al., 1971 (occasional in ovary)
Edanaga, 1974
Edanaga, 1975
Bystrevskaya et al., 1988 (occasional)
Ishihara et al., 1981 (implanted heart valves, SEM)
Ekblom & Hansson, 1984 (dental pulp capillary endothelial cells)
Tenkova & Chaldakov, 1988 (ciliary process endos and pericytes)
Chondrocytes [Man, Dog, Cat, Rabbit, Mouse, Guinea Pig]
Scherft & Daems, 1967
Hart, 1968
Matthews & Martin, 1971
Wilsman, 1978
Wilsman & Fletcher, 1978
Meier-Vismara et al., 1979
Wilsman et al., 1980
Poole et al., 1985; 1997
Synovial cells [Man, Rabbit, Guinea Pig]
Wyllie et al., 1964
Ghadially & Roy, 1969
Osteocytes [Mice]
Tonna & Lampen, 1972
Cameron, 1972
Matthews & Martin, 1971
Heart Myocardium [Man, Rabbit, Mice, Chicks, Lizards]
Rash et al., 1969
Myklebust et al., 1977
Ishihara et al., 1980 (pericardial cells--mesothelium)
Smooth muscle [Rat, Frog, Chick]
Laguens, 1964 (uterus myometrium)
Currie & Wheatley, 1966 (rat duodenum)
Kay et al., 1983
Goranova & Chaldakov, 1990 (uterus myometrium)
Poole et al., 1997
Invertebrate Muscle [Brittle-star tube feet, Polychaete body wall]
Gardiner & Rieger, 1980
Go to bibliography
Fibroblasts--adult tissues: Tendon [Man, Mouse] Fibrous connective tissue [Rabbit, Rat]
Ross & Klebanoff, 1967 (rat uterus endometrium)
Brooker et al., 1971
Beertsen et al., 1975
Poole et al., 1985
Goranova & Chaldakov, 1990 (uterus myometrium)
Respiratory epithelium [Mouse, Guinea Pig] PROBABLY ALL DEVELOPMENTAL SYSTEMS
Stockinger & Cireli, 1965
Dirksen & Crocker, 1966
Dalen, 1981
CELLS OF SENSORY ORGANS: In many cases, the axonemal symmetry of the primary cilia listed here is not 9+0; they may be found as single, nonmotile 9+2 cilia (e.g., kinocilium of hair cells), tufts of long, nonmotile(?) 9+2 cilia (olfactory neurons), or highly modified 9+0 cilia (e.g., rods and cones). Recent papers are no longer included in this database unless they contain novel information.
Vertebrate eye [Man, Monkey, Porpoise, Ox, Cat, Rabbit, Mouse, Guinea Pig]
Retina
Sjostrand, 1953
De Robertis, 1956
Tokuyasu & Yamada, 1959
Allen, 1965 (neurons in nuclear and ganglion cell layers; pigmented epithelial cells)
Dowling & Boycott, 1966
Matthews & Martin, 1971
Uga & Smelser, 1973
Amemiya, 1975
Steinberg & Wood, 1975
Ohnishi et al., 1976
Greiner et al., 1981
Boycott & Hopkins, 1984
Ennis & Kunz, 1986
Pericanalicular mesothelium (patients w/glaucoma or cataracts)
Wickham & Worthen, 1976
Trabecular endothelium
Vegge, 1963
Wolf, 1968
Iris
Smelser & Ishikawa, 1962 [Monkey]
Wienker, 1969
Vrabec, 1971
Cornea
Smith et al., 1969
Hogan et al., 1971
Renard et al., 1976
Gallagher, 1980
Doughty, 1998
Ciliary epithelium [rabbit] and Schwann cells of ciliary process stroma
Ohnishi & Tanaka, 1980
Tenkova & Chaldakov, 1988
Other eye bits:
Radnot et al., 1970 (DEVELOPMENT? Corneoscleral fibroblasts, pericytes; choroideal cells)
Saga & Matsuda, 1987 (Conjuntival fibroblasts)
Pineal photoreceptors
Steyn, 1959 [lizard]
Eakin & Westfall, 1960 [lizard]
Steyn, 1960 [lizard]
Eakin, 1961 [Treefrog tadpole--frontal organ, i.e., pineal]
Eakin, 1963 [lamprey]
Pevet & Collin, 1976 [mole]
Oksche & Vaupel-von Harnack, 1965 W
Oksche & Kirschstein, 1969 [sparrow]
Karasek, 1970
Lin, 1970
Vivien-Roels, 1970 [turtle]
Oksche, 1971 (review)
Lin, 1972
Redins & Machado, 1984
Go to bibliography
Lower vertebrate & invertebrate eyes/photoreceptors
Miller, 1958 (Pecten retinal photoreceptors)
Eakin & Westfall, 1962 (Amphioxus cerebral vesicle)
Eakin & Westfall, 1962 (Jellyfish ocellus)
Eakin, 1963 (Sea star photoreceptors)
Eakin, 1963 (review)
Vaupel-von Harnack, 1963 (Sea star photoreceptors)
Eakin & Westfall, 1964a (Arrowworm photoreceptors)
Clark, 1963 (Leech and snail photoreceptors)
Lawrence & Krasne, 1965 (Tube-dwelling polychaete photoreceptor cells)
Yanase & Sakamoto, 1965 (visual cells of mollusc dorsal eye)
Krasne & Lawrence, 1966 (Tube worm eyespots)
Fischer & Brökelmann, 1966 (Polychaete eye photoreceptors)
Eakin & Brandenburger, 1967 (pigmented cells of adult snail eye)
Barber & Evans, 1967 (mollusc [Pecten] photoreceptor)
Dilly, 1969 (Tunicate tadpole photoreceptor)
Eakin & Kuda, 1971 (Ascidian tadpole photoreceptor)
Kerneis, 1975 (Polychete worm photoreceptors)
Verger-Bocquet, 1981 (Annelid worm photoreceptor)
Smith, 1984
Middle and Inner ear [Monkey, Rat, Guinea Pig, Newt, Fish] Lateral line organ and macula utriculi [Fish]
Wersall, 1956
Engstrom & Wersall, 1958
Spoendlin, 1964 (Supporting cells of monkey utricule/saccule: PC; hair cells: KC)
Flock, 1964 (Supporting cells: PC; Hair cells: single kinocilium [KC])
Hama, 1965
Flock & Duvall, 1965
Mullinger & Smith, 1969 Newt "ear": PC in accessory cells/kinocilium in hair cells
Hamilton, 1969
Flock et al., 1977 (CHECK THIS)
Dupont et al., 1993 (Guinea Pig) PC in epithelial cells at periphery of normal vestibular end organs; Kinocilia on hair cells
Taste Buds [Rabbit, Mouse]
Murray & Murray, 1967 (only one cilium seen; rest of taste bud cells lacked them)
Kinnamon et al., 1983
Olfactory epithelium [Dog, Frog] These are tufts of cilia with 9+2 symmetry proximally, 9+0 (or fewer doublets) peripherally. Motility unknown(?).
Reese, 1965
Okano et al., 1967
Go to bibliography
Other sensory cells
Gray & Pumphrey, 1958 Locust ear chordotonal sensillum
Gray, 1960 Locust ear
Slifer & Sekhon, 1960 Honey bee antenna plate organ
Slifer & Sekhon, 1961 Honey bee antennal flagellum
Whitear, 1960 Crab sensilla
Slifer & Sekhon, 1964 Flesh fly antennal flagellum
Slifer & Sekhon, 1964 Grasshopper olfactory dendrites
Flock, 1964 Fish macula utriculi (see above)
Flock & Duvall, 1965 Fish lateral line organs (see above)
Mattern et al., 1965 Hydra stenotele (sting organ)
Horridge, 1965 Ctenophore effector organelles
Horridge & Boulton, 1967 Chaetognath epidermal sensory neurons
Moulins, 1968 Insect (Dictyoptera) chemosensory sensilla
Ghiradella et al., 1968 Chemosensory pegs of various crabs
Slifer & Sekhon, 1969 Insect sensory cells
Ernst, 1969 Carrion beetle olfactory sensilla
Horridge, 1969 Jellyfish statocysts
Knapp & Mill, 1971 Earthworm epidermal sensory cells
Eakin & Kuda, 1971 Ascidian Tadpole pressure (?) receptors
Ghiradella, 1971 Moth Ear
Hayes, W.F., 1971 Limulus chemoreceptor sensillum
Harris & Mill, 1973 Spider chemoreceptors
Foelix & Chu-Wang, 1973 Spider chemoreceptors
Foelix & Chu-Wang, 1973 Spider mechanoreceptors
Wright & Chan, 1973 Nematode body wall sensory cells
Marshall, 1973 Homopteran bug olfactory receptor
Bedini et al., 1973 Turbellarian epithelial sensory cells
Peteya, 1973 Cnidarian body wall mechanoreceptor cells
Bedini et al., 1975 Platyhelminth epidermal sensory cells
Peteya, 1975 Anemone ectodermal sensory cells
Crouau, 1980 Crustacean sensilla
Altner & Prillinger, 1980 Review paper
Hope & Gardiner, 1982 Marine nematode body wall proprioceptor
Crouau, 1982 Mysid crustacean mechanoreceptors
Crouau, 1983 Insect & crustacean sensilla
Torrence & Cloney, 1982 Sensory neurons, ascidian larvae
Torrence & Cloney, 1983 Sensory neurons, ascidian adhesive papillae
Hong et al., 1996 Sensory papillae, cercarial larvae
Go to bibliography
MISCELLANEOUS BITS
Pleurodele testicular gland cells Picheral, 1968
Perch saccus vasculosus Zimmermann & Altner, 1970
Planarian pharyngeal gland cells Gamo & Garcia-Corrales, 1985
Nephridium of larval (mitraria) polychaetes Smith et al., 1987
CELLS OF PATHOLOGIC TISSUES
Note: Carefully compare the occurrence of primary cilia in normal cells (above) with the following reports of "defective" or "aberrant" cilia as an indication of a pathological state. You will see that in certain cases, the cells of pathological tissues normally express primary cilia.
Go to bibliography
Cancer/Neoplasm
Parathyroid adenoma [Man] Holzmann & Lange, 1963
Polyzonas, 1970
Altenahr & Seifert, 1971
Endocrine adenoma/neoplasia [Man] Horvath & Kovacs, 1975
Horvath & Kovacs, 1976
Adenoma, buccal mucosa [man] Guccion & Redman, 1986
" , pituitary [man] Cinti et al., 1985
Wilm's (kidney) tumors Tannenbaum, 1971
Basal cell carcinoma [Man] Wilson & McWhorter, 1963
Squamous cell carcinoma [Man] Schafer, 1969
Ameloblastoma [Man] Lee et al., 1972
Brenner's tumor--ovary [Man] Klemi & Nevalainen, 1977
Pineoblastoma [Man] Kline et al., 1979
Rhabdomyosarcoma [Rat] Hildebrand & Biserte, 1978
" [Mouse] Reznik et al., 1970
Ovarian granulosa [Rat] Bjorkman, 1962
Meningioma [Man] Cervos-Navarro & Vazquez, 1966
" Poon et al., 1971
Melanoma [Man] Klug, 1971
Dermatofibrosarcoma Zelickson, 1967
Fibrosarcoma [Man] Schuster, 1964
Malignant spindle cell tumor [Man] Erlandson, 1981
Insulinoma [Man] Green, 1980
Breast neoplasm [Man] Reilova-Velez & Seiler, 1984
Prostatic neoplasia [Man] Ohtsuki & Dmochowski, 1979
Multiple glomus tumor Murata et al., 1984
Hyper-, meta-, neoplastic lung Gonzalez et al., 1985
Lung papillary tumors [Mouse] Rehm et al., 1988
Leiomyoma--uterus Ferenczy et al., 1971
Leiomyoma--gastric Welsh & Meyer, 1969
Fibroma-thecoma, uterus Ferenczy & Richart, 1974
Chondrosarcoma Senoo & Fuse, 1983
Retinoblastoma [rat] Kobayashi et al., 1982
Tumors of peripheral nerves Ohno & Park, 1983
Park et al., 1988
Cerebellar sarcoma Poon et al., 1971
Sella turcica fibromyxoma-like tumor [man] Zama et al., 1996
Atherosclerotic lesions (de-differentiation of endothelial cells?)
Smooth muscle Haust, 1984; 1987b
Endothelium Haust, 1987a
Bystrevskaya, 1988
Other pathologic conditions
Nasal polyp (fibroblasts) Busuttil et al., 1976
Liver disorders (ductular cells) Steiner et al., 1962
(drug-induced cirrhosis) Steiner & Carruthers, 1963
[Man] Itoshima et al., 1978
(Intrahepatic cholestasis; Man) Sasaki et al., 1967
(Bile duct ligation; Rat) Brooks et al., 1975
Kidney--various disorders [Man] Latta et al., 1967; Rossmann & Galle, 1968; Katz & Morgan, 1984; Kihara et al., 1997
Gastritis [Man] Okuda & Ogata, 1976
Kawamata et al., 1986
Hyperparathyroidism Black et al., 1970
Parathyroid hyperplasia Roth, 1970
Testicular hyperplasia [Man] Takayama, 1981
Ohtsuki & Dmochowski, 1979
Osteoarthritis, synovial hyperplasia [Man] Hirohata & Morimoto, 1971; Kouri et al., 1996
Retinal dysplasia [Man] Ohnishi et al., 1976
Co2+-treated pancreas [Guinea pig] Esterhuizen & Lever, 1961
Nickel-allergic dermatitis* [Man] Elofsson et al., 1984 (Keratinocytes lose their cilia)
Mulvihill-Smith progeria-like syndrome [Man] de Silva et al., 1997 (cultured skin fibroblasts lack primary cilia)
naevus of Ota [man] Masuda et al., 1998 (melanocytes express primary cilia; good demonstration of normal axonemal asymmetry in primary cilia)
Ototoxicity: organ of Corti [Guinea Pig] Dupont et al., 1993
Go to bibliography
Cells with tufts of 9+2 cilia found in "unusual" places:
Brain (fundus striati astroglia) Chung & Keefer, 1976
Pituitary Rasmussen, 1929
Dawson, 1937
(muciparous microcysts) Cinti et al., 1985
Gon et al., 1988
Parathyroid (dog) Nakagami, 1965
Kidney (tumors--Hamster) Mannweiler & Bernhard, 1957
Duffy & Suzuki, 1968
Wesson & Duckett, 1973
Larsen & Ghadially, 1974
(voided urine--Man) Palombini, 1982
Katz & Morgan, 1984
Serous cystadenoma--ovary [Man] Fenoglio et al., 1977
Stomach Okuda & Ogata, 1976
Endometrium Hando et al., 1968
(adenocarcinoma) Hendrickson & Kempson, 1983
DEVELOPMENTAL SYSTEMS
There is a growing literature regarding the putative role of "motile" primary cilia in determining left/right symmetry in early embryonic development. See: Nonaka et al. (1998) Randomization of leftright asymmetry due to loss of nodal cilia generating leftward flow of extraembryonic fluid in mice lacking KIF3B motor protein. Cell 95:829837.
The following citations support the notion that if a fully-differentiated cell type lacks a primary cilium, it most likely has a precursor that is ciliated.
Cement gland [Xenopus] Perry & Waddington, 1966
Epidermis, fetal [Man] Currie & Wheatley, 1966
Mesenchyme, fetal [rat] Behnke, 1964
Mesoderm [polychaete worm] Turbeville, 1986
Intestinal epithelium, fetal [rat] Behnke, 1964
Eye [Cornea] Brini et al., 1966
optic vesicle [snail] Eakin & Brandenburger, 1967
Retina photoreceptor: De Robertis, 1956; Knabe & Kuhn, 1998
[Polychaete worm larvae] Eakin & Westfall, 1964b
[Frog] Nilsson, 1964
Retina [Dog] Whiteley & Young, 1985
Retinal Muller cells [Rat, Cat] Boycott & Hopkins, 1984
[Fish] Ennis & Kunz, 1986
[human fetal cervix] Barberini et al., 1998
Lens regeneration [Frog] Overton, 1965
Pinealocytes
Collin, 1971 [review]
[neonatal rat, hamster] Clabough, 1973
[Neonatal rat] Zimmerman & Tso, 1975; [Fetus, man] Møller, 1974
Insect (Coccinella) photoreceptor Home, 1975
Insect (Lepidoptera) gland morphogenesis Barbier,1975
Insect (Silk moth) gland morphogenesis Berry & Johnson, 1975
Insect (Cockroach) gland morphogenesis Sreng & Quennedey, 1976
Kidney, fetal [Man] DeMartino & Zamboni, 1966
Zimmermann, 1971
Arey, 1974
Gudima et al., 1986
Postnatal renal collecting duct [Rabbit] Evan et al., 1991
Olfactory epithelium [Rat] Menco & Farbman, 1985 (a,b)
Menco & Farbman, 1987
Menco, 1988 (a,b)
Spleen, fetal--mesenchyme [Chick] De Harven & Bernhard, 1956
[Man] Zamboni & Westin, 1964
Parathyroid, fetus [Man] Nakagami et al., 1968
Thymus [Man] Sebuwufu, 1968
Endothelium heart [Man] Bystrevskaya et al., 1988
pineal [Man] Yamamoto & Fujimoto, 1980
Primordial erythroblasts [Chick, Rat] Breton-Gorius & Stralin, 1967
Tunica propria of bursa [Chick embryo] Quesada et al., 1985
Limb bud--mesenchyme [Chick, Mouse] Sorokin, 1962
--epithelium Jurand, 1965
Trelstad et al., 1967
Fonte et al., 1971
Synovial cells [Rabbit; regeneration] Campbell & Callahan, 1971
Tooth [Rat molar amelogenesis] Reith, 1967
[Rat incisor ameloblasts] Sasano, 1986
Bone [Rat] Federman & Nichols, 1974
Pituitary, fetal Ellis, 1966 (see Curry & Wheatley)
Brain [Tadpole] Kemali & Gioffre, 1978
Nervous tissue [Mouse] Cohen et al., 1988
Neural tube [Chick] Duncan, 1957
Sotelo & Trujillo-Cenóz
[Mouse] Herman & Kauffman, 1966
Supraoptic nucleus, neonate [Rat] Lafarga et al., 1980
Hippocampal neurons, embryo [Rat] Deitch, unpublished
Cerebral cortex, fetal [Man] Currie & Wheatley, 1966
Ependymal cells
3rd ventricle [Rat] Ugrumov & Mitskevich, 1980
cerebellum [tadpole] Gona & Hauser, 1982
Pulmonary epithelial precursors [Mice] Rehm et al., 1988
Ciliated epithelium
Lung [Rat] Sorokin, 1968
Trachea [Rat, Guinea Pig] Friedmann & Bird, 1971
Kober & Herbst, 1975
Dalen, 1981
Gaillard et al., 1989
Chondrogenesis [Man, Dog] Stockwell, 1971
Kelley, 1975
Cox & Peacock, 1977
Wilsman & Fletcher, 1978
Muscle --skeletal/cardiac [Chick, Mouse] Przybylski & Blumberg, 1966
Rash et al., 1969
Przybylski, 1971
Viragh & Challice, 1973
Zummo et al., 1984
--Regeneration [Tadpole tail] Warren, 1974
Myklebust et al., 1977
Oviduct [Rabbit, Mouse]
Dirksen, 1971 (check this)
Komatsu & Fujita, 1978 (a,b)
Odor & Blandau, 1985
Go to bibliography
TISSUE CULTURE
Primary culture:
Fibroblasts
[Man] Wheatley, 1969; Strugnell et al., 1996
[Mouse] Wheatley, 1969
[Rat] Wheatley, 1969
[Chick] Wheatley, 1969; Bowser, unpub.
[Prostate; Man] Bayne et al., 1998
Keratinocytes [Man] Strugnell et al., 1996
Gingiva [Man] Rose, 1970
Osteoblast [Fetal rat leg bone] Rose, 1970
Cornea [Frog] Hayden, unpub.
Corpus luteum epithelial cells [cow] Herrman et al., 1996
Retinal pigment epithelium [Man] Topp et al., 1996
Kidney epithelia
[Rat] Curthoys & Bellemann, 1979
[Rabbit] Minuth & Kriz, 1982
[Human] Trifillis & Kahng, 1990
[Bird] Sutterlin & Laverty, 1998
Anterior pituitary [Rat] Fazekas et al., 1982
Bile duct epithelium [Pig] Talbot & Caperna, 1998
Continuous cell lines:
3T3 Fibroblast
Goldberg & Green, 1964
Osborn & Weber, 1976
Albrecht-Buehler, 1977
Tucker et al., 1979a,b
Albrecht-Buehler & Bushnell, 1979
Albrecht-Buehler & Bushnell, 1980
Ho & Tucker, 1989
3T6 Fibroblast Wheatley, 1971; 1972
3Y1 Fibroblast Katsumoto et al., 1994
DonC Fibroblast Wheatley, 1969
BHK21/C13 Fibroblast (hamster)
Wheatley, 1969
Archer & Wheatley, 1971
Nil/2e Fibroblast Wheatley, 1969
CH3 Fibroblast (hamster) Wheatley, 1982
WI-38 Fibroblast (human) Wheatley, 1982
Vero Fibroblast (monkey) Wheatley, 1972
PE Mesenchyme (pig embryo) Vorobjev & Chentsov, 1982
PtK1, PtK2 Kidney epithelium (rat kangaroo)
Jensen et al., 1979
Rieder et al., 1979
Roth et al., 1988
LLC-PK1 Kidney epithelium (pig) Roth et al., 1988
MDCK Kidney epithelium (dog) Roth et al., 1988
BSC-40 Kidney epithelium Roth et al., 1988
GH3 PC 9+0 Pituitary tumor Bowser, unpub.
HFH-18 Melanoma (mouse) Rose, 1970
BPAE Pulmonary aortic endothel. (cow) Bowser, unpubl.
Li10 Liver epithelium Mori et al., 1979
CO25 Myoblast (mouse) Zeytinoglu et al., 1997
Go to bibliography